Rhetorical Analysis Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rhetorical Analysis Assignment - Essay Example Poissant has had an extensive career as an author whereby he has written several publications in The Atlantic, One Story, New Stories from the South among others. In addition, he has also authored a book titled The Heaven of Animals, which is a collection of short stories, and set for publication in 2014. After a number of publications, he found himself contemplating on how one can be friends with Republicans. This essay explores the elements of subject, thesis, purpose, audience, persona, ethos, authoritative testimony, and analogy in Poissant’s persuasive and compelling piece of writing. The subject of the essay is how one can interact and make friends with Republicans without being judgmental, but at the same time also airing your political opinion about certain things. The author thinks that it is possible to make friends with Republicans because they are just normal people in the society. He gives example of individuals whose daughters go to the same school with his daugh ters, and that they are not issues or votes, but just people. Yes, he agrees it is challenging to be friends with the Republicans, but it can work. He gives several examples to relate to his thesis that it is possible to be friends with Republicans because they are just ordinary people, but this should not restrict one from airing his political views. In this essay, Poissant presents several purpose, which is to inform, persuade, and engage his audience. He starts the article with an interesting opening that immediately engages the audience, he says, â€Å"The trouble started the night Jeff, one of the guys I drink and talk about God with, announced that he’d been summoned to court for the Zimmerman trial jury pool†. With this, the audience immediately registers that there is an issue here in the form of a conflict. Next, he informs the audience contrary to people’s perspective, there can be an interaction and a relationship between republicans and democrats. Ho wever, he asserts that this works better when the friendship stays away from politics and discusses other matters such as God related subjects. Nevertheless, the author also informs his audience that it would be better if such relationship were allowed to flourish, while also giving room for personal political opinions on certain issues. He says, â€Å"I want to be friends with Republicans, but I don’t want to be friends with Republicans if I don’t also get to talk about why I think food stamps and socialized medicine are good ideas† in addition, the author informs the audience that republicans are ordinary human beings, and thus, it is possible to be friends with them. Finally, he informs the audience that people who act in the way they do, it is because of what they are taught that they develop. Finally, the author persuades the audience to listen to his subject by telling them that being friend with Republicans is not such a bad thing. However, he seeks to mo ve them to be cautious of the things involved in being friends with Republicans such as limited political opinions, and that it would not be easier since it calls for compromise from both parties for things to be better. The author hopes to pass his message to The New York Times readers composed of audience of several kinds. He wishes that this article were read by

Ethics in Grant Essay Example for Free

Ethics in Grant Essay Ethics is described as moral principles and obligations that determine the wrongness and correctness of actions. It is associated with values and righteousness of every individual conduct. As a human being we are responsible for our actions and we have moral obligations for the welfare of others. Ethics cover our everyday life from what we think, decisions we make our philosophy and behavior to our everyday actions. In different professional field, standard and code of ethics are practiced to ensure proper conduct and behavior of those involved in the field. Ethics in grant has always been controversial. Issues associated with ethical behavior often arise from grant projects. The involvement of large amount of money causes the issues and suspicion to rise. An example of an issue that may arise from a grant project is commissioning. Commission refers to the fee paid to an employee after venturing to a successful business or closing a deal. However, professional organizations and funders consider commissioning unethical in nature. This is because compensation with regards to commissioning based on charitable contributions and donations are ugly site to see. Unlike salesmen, who get a cut from the proceeds they made, professionals who are involved in grant projects are considered skilled and talented people who lend and utilized their expertise in order to obtain huge support and following for the work and project that an organization is aiming to achieve. These are usually projects that requires huge amount of funding. If commissions are paid in favor of the grant workers in order to generate money, it would seems people are working because of the money involved and not because of the dedication one has to obtain support for the completion of the project In fact, the Code of Ethical Principles and Standards of Professional Practices of the Association of Fundraising Professional, clearly outlines that compensation based on a percentage of fundraising should not be accepted. Sincerity and honesty is another issue that that is usually associated with Grant projects. Honesty comes into play when errors are committed while the project is being done. This happens when proposals made is not enough for the project to be successful and major changes are needed. Employees often resort to covering things up in an effort to conceal the miscalculations and mistakes done during proposal. Cover up is done because the fear of losing the funder since the original plans agreed upon fail to materialize. Employees then tend to lie and pretend everything runs smoothly. To prevent ethical issues rising from Grant Projects, it is important to be honest and to tell everything that that is going on to the funder. By being honest, one can earn the funder’s trust and trust is important in every project to be successful. Furthermore, Grant makers and funders appreciate sincerity and honesty and they are open to changes from original plans that have been set, since changes that are made will yield promising results for the project. If an error with the project has been discovered, it is necessary to report at once. Also, it would be ethical to issue an apology if things are not carried out properly as promised. With the huge sum of money involved in Grant Projects, it will be helpful for anyone to be honest in every little way to prevent ethical issues from occurring. Sincerity for the project’s completion and the responsibility one owes from the funder and from those who support the organization in building the project should make one realize the misconduct of falling into the temptation the large sum of money brings. One should understand that an arrangement in which one obtain a kickback is unethical. To preserve one’s name and his reputation as a person and professional one must keep away from doing them.

Teaching Philosophy Statement Essays -- Education Educational Educatin

Teaching Philosophy Statement Do you have a philosophy on education? I do. What I want to discuss is my personal view of education. I’m going to talk about the nature of students. I am going to talk about the nature of knowledge and whether or not it is absolute or relative. The purpose of education, the method, and the curriculum will be discussed also. We are going to look at some of my philosophical views on education and my professional development plans. When I am through you will have my philosophy of education paper. First we will look at my view on the nature of students. Like Rousseau, I believe that students are influenced by their environment. Children indeed imitate what they see or experience. I think a positive environment is crucial to a child’s learning. When kids see negative things they imitate negative things. When kids see positive things they imitate positive things. I believe there has to be a balance between both negative and positive influences. Not being in a perfect world, children are often exposed to negative influences. Rousseau took some of his students into the country away from the evils of society to teach them. When analyzing knowledge, one must ponder whether knowledge is relative or absolute. Rousseau thought that students should learn to think for themselves. I agree. They must think. Memorization is fine, however they need to be able to apply their knowledge. Students require knowledge in different ways. While some students may listen well, other students may need to see examples. It is important that the students retain the knowledge. They need correct instruction from teachers. Ultimately, the purpose of edu... ... a lot of professional development plans. I would prefer to start teaching in high school and maybe work by way up to college. I would like to be a well-rounded teacher that is respected and understood. I will probably get a job teaching and then work by way up through a couple of different degrees. I really do not want to further my education after graduation but if I have to I will. I will get more money if I do which is important. As far as professional groups go, I am undecided, I do not really know a lot although as I go through the education system I may find one that interests me. Alright, I have talked about the nature of students as well as the nature of knowledge. The purpose of education and the methods of education have been discussed as well as my curriculum. I have expressed my philosophical views and my professional development

Literary Semiotics

Literary Semiotics Quite often the terms semiotics and semiology are equal, so that often instead semiotics use semiology and vice versa. Ferdinand de Saussure speaks of the sign and the first makes the distinction between semiotics and semiology. Semiotics is the general theory of signs. Semiology study the functioning of the sign in the social practice. Today avoids this distinction and semiotics equate with semiology, ie, they are synonyms. GENERAL Semiotics: The sign does not exist only in language and literature, but in the film we have and tone as a sign, signs of the folk tradition (clouds as signs, etc.. . The sign is a general phenomenon that exists in all forms of human communication. With the help of the sign announce something. The sign communication across borders communion. It is believed that she sign communication has with animals, plants etc.. Within the general linguistic information and communication there is the literary form of communication between author and r eader, between the work and the reader etc.. Semiotics is shared:First Semantics – which focuses on the relationship between sign and signified; Second Pragmatics – is a discipline that focuses on the relationship between the sign and the reader; Third Syntax, syntax – is a discipline that focuses on the relationship between signs, eg. : Texts as signs books as characters. Semiotics makes several typologies and distinguishes several types of sign systems: First PRIRODOJAZICHNI SYSTEMS – define them as first-and include natural languages, ie national languages (English, French, etc. ).. These are the languages that are characterized by a specific practice use.In these systems each character is in relation to an object (reference) from the reality. Not all characters are specified, does not always mean only objects that exist, which are in reality, but there are also abstract, metaphysical signs that signify something that is not tangible, but still exist s in our consciousness. Second Artificial sign systems – Artificial signs we have in mathematics, science and so on. These signs are called artificial, because they agreed. These include road signs, sign language of the deaf, blind etc.. => Structure is a way of organizing systems.System and structure are inseparable. Third Secondary, secondary sign systems – usually build on existing linguistic systems and does not always refer to things that exist in nature. Literature uses natural language to translate literary, coding, etc. All secondary languages have pre-need of natural language and together constitute some already performed sign systems, such as. Literature. Secondary sign system eg. Myth – iconic, pictorial system. 4th Mixed HIBRIDIZIRANI SIGNS – eg. Essay which combines prirodojazichen system and a secondary sign system and pictorial system. th METAJAZICI – Metajazichni systems, metalanguage thoughts when one language describes another ki nd of language that is already built, eg. Theory of literature has described the literary language. There are meta-meta languages, such as literary criticism, literary methodology etc.. Semiotics distinguished: linguistic and nejazichni signs, verbal and non-verbal. Semiotics distinguishes several types of signs: First -Symbols – symbols are all coded signs and they denotativni. These signs have a high degree of codification and konvencionalnost. In these signs the relationship between the sign and the signified is kodiviciran.Second Sign-image – in these signs the relationship between sign and signified is vividly. Iconic signs konotivni signs. The model has features of artistic creation. Third Sign-INDEX – among them the relationship between sign and signified is causal. These signs are generally semiotic. Example: Where there is smoke there is fire. Among them there is a logical connection that occurs as a result of long-term perception. Eg. before an earthqu ake occurs, animals are disturbed, I felt mean. Also, prior to such disasters, we get information, warnings from other planets. All this belongs to indeksnoto information.Semiotics differs constant and variable signs. The sign indicates the object replaces the subject. Therefore, the sign is viewed by the subject marks. To sign appears must e apostoi need an item to be replaced, to signify. Roman Jakobson describes knizhenosta literary self-referential aesthetic message. Piece of literature at the same time can be referential (aesthetic) and referential. Znakovnosta literature does not exhaust WMO interest signified. The sign is a complex composition (signifier + signified). With signs serving entities, transferring to other entities, which means that there must be an agreement.In literature, there is a higher level of esthetics, but this does not exclude pragmatism. While eg. in journalism, a higher degree of pragmatism, but it does not necessarily mean that there is no aesthetic. There is intertextuality. For example, the parody – there parodiziranje literary work that already exists, we mythema, whose basic text comes from another, previously written text hipotekst. Even in the literature have metajazichnost yet dominate vtorostepenosta. It should be noted and the consideration that relates to the fact that there is a difference between literary and linguistic systems.Some systems faster change, others more slowly. Systems include konvencionalizirani relations imply a certain constancy legality. Speech is practice the kind of language use. Linguistic system is slowly changing. A change in the system of language comes when occurring changes in the conventional system. The change in the lexicon is not a real change in the language, but the change in syntax is a real change, because the syntax is a mirror of the language, it is the soul, the essence of language. In the 20th century resulting rapid and radical changes in literary systems, and in language systems can not change for centuries.Literary system as a secondary Literary Semiotics Systems vary in degree modelativnata power. Systems have a high degree of first instance modelativna power and appeal have lower degree modelativna power. Literature is not that important (secondary) sign system. In the literature, the language system is reorganized in a different way, because prirodojazichniot system is already encoded, he once again coded in the literature, which means that the literary system is doubly coded. = CODE = Code means is prohibited and what is not. The term â€Å"code† is not a purely literary term, but comes from egzaknite sciences (mathematics, computer science).Code shows us the optimal boundary between the forbidden and permitted. Modelativnata power is the ability to present a subject in the form of linguistic or literary figure. The model is a picture of the items indicating displays a single character. Model of the object is displayed in a text can be closer to the world that displays, but can be distant. Therefore, some characters are considered to be relatively more realistic poreferencijalni, open to predmetmetot and others are considered less referential, hermetic and more confined to the subject.Structure prirodojazichniot sign implies a direct connection between the sign and the referent. A literary system that relationship between the sign and the object is indirect, and even invisible. When reading the signs, the whole array of interpretenti that are sorted from other sign with any reader pbuduva whole range of different images, each reader think differently. For example, the term â€Å"Company† each poimuva different: one has a no house, stone house, ruined house, a beautiful house, a house-snail, small house, white house etc.. Models, the image of the subject in the literature represents what must exist, what can be absent.Ordinary language signs poreferencijalni, because the connection between the sign and the m atter may be provieri, and in literature it has not. Some literary characters completely reject referentiality and identify as nereferencijalni or auto-referential. They completely distracted by the relationship between the sign and object, life, the world, etc.. But after Mallarme annulling all those links, they are invisible, and even signs can not signify anything other than themselves. These marks signify themselves and thus resolve the question of the definition of the sign that always means something that exists outside of them.These characters have their origin and their long-lasting tradition. Repealed logical connections between them, or at least invisible at first glance. There are literary characters to a greater extent referential and such that auto-referential, that encourage thinking the sign, except the exact information they want to offer something more to the subject, ie the world who represent; those signs tend to have a broader, more universal information how orga nized life and the world. In the literary system is activated principle sozvuchnost musicality, that activates the eneral signification semiotichnost, which plays a major role in the formation of literary texts that it does not matter what you say, but how you say. There are two completely identical words. Ordinary linguistic signs are distinguished by a high degree of symmetry between the object and the sign by which that object is marked. These signs are harder legible because they distort the image of a world that is marked with this sign; while doing so because of the asymmetry between the sign and the object, ie the world; not think of anything specifically. Literary system is: First secondary, secondary;Second double coded; Third iconic, picturesque, with a high degree modelativnost; 4th relationship between the object and the sign is asymmetric; 5th shows interest in the character and high degree of auto-and at the same time and communication and information. It is believed t hat all these properties of the literary system, its structure shows in a nutshell – the tropics. It is believed that ordinary language tends to conventionalize be used automatically, but literary-art information tends to be something more than mere information. In this sense, ordinary expressions have low informativnost.The purpose of literature is constantly questioned images umrtvile forgotten language, and it achieves when they express will deliver another new context and text and no more primates using automated. What's old, already seen, automated, predictable, does not carry much information. But when you make a transformation, modification context, the degree of unpredictability gives it clear that there is some degree of artistic expression. What is stereotypically can perform literary function only when you are questioned and it will say something new, unknown, unpredictable.In literary communication is very important reader that fits into his measure expectation is already known, conventional, and what exceeds this measure is shocking and purely literary. To develop the system, it should be constantly introduce changes that will have a radical character. It is believed that the literary system is a complex system, because it is simultaneously modelativen iconic communicative, informative etc.. STRUCTURE AND LITERARY-artistic structure The term structure is taken from disciplines that have the exact character. This term means the constitution, construction, structure, composition.Can speak of a connection between the structure and the system (composition pragma). Pragma-linguistic semantic __ decorative what is encountered in all literary genres. Literary form is prezentativen. There is a prejudice that oako speaks of structure, must be taken only strucuturalist method. Strucuturalist method of studying literature immanent – within, regardless of external factors. Structure – nestatichna. This term has its prehistory and predstru kturalistichkiot method. Promotes the emergence of Saussure, then in Prague structuralists in 30 years (Roman Jakobson).The structure is a way of organizing a race, when you are thinking of something dynamic, live outdoors. But it always is a minimum order, which can be viewed transhistoric outside of literature. It shows anthropology and linguistics. Distinguished two levels of understanding society. Archetypal structures – which manifests Oedipus, infanticide, Phaedra, and it asa eglavno negative occurrence. They are constantly renewing, changing WMO their name, the essence is the same. When speaking of the structure, not thinking assemblies, but the relationship between these parts that are different relations.The structure is latent given, you need to be activated to express a given relationship. It is not a material category, but a correlation between at least two parts, as part of one great whole. There must be a ratio of that unit which is higher than those who own par ts. The label may not mean anything. Even the sign is a higher instance. It establishes relations between the sign and the signified. The context shows us how the text structures and includes the subject, as well as the channel through which they passed.The structure is separable elements that make up the parts that build a third instance. It is not equal to the sum of those parts. The idea of structure has its own continuum from Plato onwards. When speaking of a literary work of art can not change the way the author laid the parts. Work itself has a rigid structure, there is coherence. Any literary work of art has a minimum structure, within a text is completed. Structure does not exhaust in terms of the text itself, but continues in the relations between texts that are external.The internal structure is latent, but in proportion with the reader that changes its character. Structure becomes external, opens to a text read in a social context of a given epoch. It opens towards the c ategory of value, ie toward non-literary categories participating in the reader and the author. The text-reader-author is different in the written and oral tradition. In oral literature there is a collective, multidisciplinary artist, oral text is intended for a different kind of reception kolektiviet (holidays protakularni religious rites). The novel is an individual kind.It introduces a new relation to the adoption of the text (information and understanding). In everyday communication relationships are different speakers-reader known. In the literary work of art speaks of aesthetic structure – art. That does not mean that it is polisemantichka multifunctional (educational, ethnic, linguistic, fun, social). Linguistic literary system implies certain conventions. The literary structure is composed of text and context (genre code metajazichnosta all types of channels, psychological, biographical, biological factors).Literary structure implies something conditionally given (tex t). Contextual factors – open. The text is the primary datum in the literature. He builds with just reading and valued. Ultimately, it ends in a new value. Text Literary and artistic text Textus Lat. textus = texture, fabric, specific kind of tissue taken from the material environment and ported in the literature. Text – a literary work of art and represents graphic zvukoven part of the work. It is unchangeable part, material, literary and artistic work that is more complex, consisting of immaterial part style.Literary-may be in oral and written (literary) form. Text changes its status through history is part of the moral language conventions. The text is also linked to the development of human civilization. Associated with civilization signs. Each text is articulated and systematized, it is to communicate with him. The author (individual or collective) and the sign, by linking the text for a long time, and the reader was switched off. Today is considered that the read er can influence those literary conventions. Differences between the literary work of art and literary and artistic text.The text is considered an open category, sign, while the work is closed category, the whole classic with reduced significance. It is a theory of Roland Barthes and structuralists in France. Variability of the text seen in the oral tradition. Textuality is as fixed as a material part of the work. Each text serves not only to inform, but also to communicate. Text as a cultural and artistic means authorship readers act vrednvuanje denial and others. Cultural and artistic text linking at least two dimensions – historical and artistic ontological. There are literary and non-literary texts.

Native American Medicine Essay

The medical cures and healing traditions used by the Native Americans are rather interesting and different compared to modern day Anglo Saxon cures. Native Americans, using their basis of ideas and beliefs, have developed a general idea of naturalistic cures and healing processes. Although the cures and healing processes are much different than Anglo Saxon ideas of curing and healing, the Native American processes tend to work well and even better than many Anglo Saxon cures. Native American medical and healing beliefs and processes are generally based on a more natural curing or purification process than the processes of modern day Anglo Saxons. Many Native American healing processes have been practiced for around 40,000 years. Different Native American healing traditions have appeared to share roots with different cultures, such as ancient Chinese traditions. Although many of the Native American healing traditions appear to share roots with ancient Chinese traditions, the greatest influence on Native American healing is the environment in which they have lived. The different plants and animals around them influenced their healing practices to be all natural. Another influence on their healing practices was other tribes. The migration of tribes around them allowed the tribes to share their knowledge of natural cures. Trade was also very helpful in Native American healing practices because many of the natural remedies required herbs from surrounding environments or long distances, and being able to trade with traveling tribes saved much travel time and risk. Although Native American healing practices have proven to be successful, a lot of their traditions have been lost. Many of the practices were driven underground and lost because they became banned or illegal in many parts of the United States. After 1978, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act was passed, and the Native Americans were once again allowed to practice their healing traditions. The long gap without practicing certain healing processes resulted in the loss of many of their practices, however. Even today, there are still difficulties with Native Americans being allowed to perform different ceremonies and rituals because the land serves other purposes. (www. cancer. org). Native Americans have successfully lived for many years by using their own idea of natural cures and purification. Native American healing is a broad term that includes different healing beliefs and practices of hundreds of indigenous tribes or North America. It combines religion, spirituality, herbal medicine uses, and purification rituals that are used to treat the indigenous people either medically, emotionally, or behaviorally. According to Lakota Sioux, the basis of natural beliefs and connections comes from the story of the white buffalo. The story begins with a woman appearing during the time of famine. She was wearing a white buffalo skin and carrying a sacred pipe. After appearing to the tribe, she explained to them that the wooden stem was for the trees and everything growing on earth. Her red bowl was to symbolize the flesh and blood of all people and the smoke was the breath of their prayers going to Wakan Tanka, the creator. The woman then presented the pipe ceremony to the tribe, which included offerings made to the four directions while drums were played and sacred songs were sung. The people then began to understand the connection between sky and earth and the unity of all life. Before leaving, the woman said she would return when the time was right and turned into a buffalo, changing colors several times. Finally, she became a white buffalo calf and disappeared. The people followed her teachings and were no longer hungry. Years later, a white buffalo calf, very rare, appeared and changed colors throughout its life. The calf is believed to be the woman. (www. native-americans-online. com). Through this story, many indigenous tribes have believed nature to be the cures and purifications needed for the soul to become whole. There are many types of Native American healing practices, and they are promoted to help with a variety of ills. Some of the most common aspects of Native American healing include the use of herbal remedies, purifying rituals, shamanism, and symbolic healing rituals to treat illnesses of both the body and spirit. Herbal remedies are used to treat many physical conditions. Practitioners use purifying rituals to cleanse the body and prepare the person for healing. Shamanism is based on the idea that spirits cause illness, and a Native American healer called a shaman focuses on using spiritual healing powers to treat people. Symbolic healing rituals, which can involve family and friends of the sick person, are used to invoke the spirits to help heal the sick person. (www. cancer. org). The Native American belief in spirituality caused the Native Americans to believe that diseases are caused by an object piercing the soul through sorcery. A disease can also be believed to be the complete absence of a free soul. Their naturalistic beliefs allowed them to believe that even diseases are considered natural occurrences, and because they occur naturally, they can be cured naturally as well. By using natural remedies, â€Å"medicine men† attempted to cure diseases that have invaded tribal villages. Natural remedies used by the medicine men included different concoctions of plants, fungi, or animals that could be eaten or rubbed on a certain area of the body to cure the illness. Before Europeans invaded Native American land, Native Americans had not had an extreme amount of experience in the treatment of disease. However, after the Europeans invaded their land, they (the Europeans) brought many diseases with them. Some of the deadly diseases included smallpox, measles, scarlet fever, typhoid, influenza, and pertussis or whooping cough. At the first sign of the diseases, the indigenous people continued trying their natural remedies, but after many failed attempts at curing the diseases, the people would often avoid the sick and leave them to die because they believed that evil spirits had taken over their soul. With the Europeans bringing many diseases to the indigenous land, the indigenous people believed the Europeans to be evil spirited and deadly. The many diseases brought by the Europeans caused a major Native American depopulation. In order to try to cure these diseases or other illnesses, Native Americans relied on the use of what they referred to as the â€Å"medicine man† or â€Å"healer†. The medicine man was very well educated on the surrounding nature and knew what natural remedy would cure the illness. Often times, the medicine man would have to travel to other lands in order to find a certain plant or a fungus that was needed in the remedy. Medicine men were very effective at curing illnesses because of the knowledge they had of nature. Not only did the Native Americans use natural remedies to cure illness, but they also used natural purification processes in order to purify or cleanse their soul in an emotional healing process. The purifying ritual is a ceremony known as a sweat lodge, where the indigenous people would sit in extreme temperatures and sweat out the evil in them which allowed them to be cleansed. To begin the sweat lodge process, one must offer a pouch of tobacco to the medicine man. The tobacco is used to represent the spirit of the person presenting it. By offering the tobacco to the medicine man, one is asking him to work on their behalf in the spiritual world. When presenting the tobacco, one would also bring forth their specific desire such as an alcohol or drug problem. The sweat lodge process begins with the passing of what are known as tobacco ties. Many tobacco ties are hung around inside the sweat lodge and each tobacco tie represents a prayer. The four sacred herbs, sage, sweet grass, cedar, and tobacco, are used in order to help purify the room and allow the spirits to work. Then rocks, primarily lava stones from volcanoes, are heated using a fire until they are white hot. Once the rocks are white hot, they are brought into the lodge in order to begin the sweating process. To keep the rocks hot, water is poured onto them making an immense amount of steam and heating the lodge. Now that the purification process has finally begun, everyone sits in a circle and goes around, one person at a time, offering prayers. After all prayers have been given, the medicine man blends them all together in a mystical process altering the state of mind to something beyond the physical form. This is where the real healing takes place. As the purification process comes to a conclusion, a new ceremony known as wopela begins. Wopela is simply giving thanks. All participants bring in gifts for the medicine man in order to thank him for leading them through the purification process. The medicine man begins a prayerful state and takes the prayer ties and sets them up in the north end of the center. This allows the prayers to be carried to the Great Spirit in a good way. The medicine man then blows out the candles the lodge becomes pitch dark. Another emotional healing strategy is the use of the medicine wheel. The medicine wheel was an important transformation in the process of Native American tribes realizing that they are much different from each other. Basically, the medicine wheel was a sheet decorated in special symbols, colors, or stones that allowed others know about the inhabitants of the tribe. One was placed in front of every tepee or hut to notify others of that individual’s strengths and weaknesses. By doing so, each individual had their own guidelines to follow for personal growth by realizing what one needed to learn and what one needed to teach. After many generations, the people began to lose the concept of blame and anger upon others. One tribe member from Arizona states â€Å"If I said to you, ‘Does anyone ever make you angry? ’ you would say yes. But in reality, this is totally impossible. You choose to be angry by the way you process the event. This is something you were taught to do as a child. If you could imagine not one person in all of New York City having the concept of anger, that’s what it was like during that time period of no wars before the white man came. †(www. native-americans-online. com). By placing a simple wheel outside their homes, the Native Americans began to learn to cope with their anger and not place blame upon others. This shows a strong cultural emotional healing process because it rid the tribes of anger and blame on others. Indigenous people also believed in psychiatric healing beliefs by altering their state of mind. They were able to alter their state of mind through events such as drumming and chanting rituals, Salish spirit dancing, and visual stimuli. All processes were used in order to calm down an individual. The drumming or chanting of rituals acted as a concentration device to its listeners. A constant beat or pattern would reduce the tendency of the mind to wander. It would also enter the brain wave patterns and sometimes the subjects’ brainwaves would change to match the frequency of the drumming or beating. As for the altered states produced in the Salish Spirit Dance, the sensory stimulation would release neuro-endocrine opiod agents that would produce a peak experience during that dance performance. It is quite obvious that the healing processes of the indigenous people vary greatly from the healing processes of modern day Anglo Saxons. For example, in seeking a cure, Anglo Saxons search for a man made discovery to lead to a cure where as the indigenous people rely on nature for their cures. Although the Anglo Saxon solutions are very effective, the natural remedies also work and are less harmful. All Anglo Saxon cures provide quick solutions but at the risk of side effects which are not present in natural remedies. One belief of the indigenous people was that the illness was caused by nature, so nature can cure the illness. Another difference in Anglo Saxon healing processes is emotional or psychiatric healing. Anglo Saxon traditions in emotional healing include the use of a therapist or other person to talk to in order to solve the problem. The indigenous people use a similar cure, except they seek a higher cure such as the sweat lodge in order to be in contact with the spirit world. Anglo Saxons also place blame and problems on others in an attempt to relieve themselves of the pressure or danger of events. The indigenous people however, do not like to place blame on others, but on themselves. The indigenous people begin looking for a cure inside oneself in order to fix the problem. Although many rituals and healing processes of the indigenous people are much different than the processes of the modern day Anglo Saxons, the processes of the indigenous people have proven to work effectively in curing the illness. Their belief in having a pure soul contributes to the rituals they perform in order to heal. Both Anglo Saxon and Native American healing processes have been proven effective, with the difference being the focus of the solution. Native American medical and healing beliefs and processes are generally based on a more natural curing or purification process than the processes of modern day Anglo Saxons. Sources Used http://muwww-new. marshall. edu/jrcp/VE13%20N1/jrcp%2013%201%20thomason. pdf http://www. native-americans-online. com/index. html http://www. cancer. org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/mindbodyandspirit/native-american-healing.

The Best AP Biology Notes to Study With

The Best AP Biology Notes to Study With SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It's natural for your in-class notes to get a little disorganized in a course that covers as much material as AP Biology. If you're missing a couple of sections of notes or if you just want to see a clearer outline of how the course is structured, this article will be helpful. I've compiled all the information you need to know for the AP Biology test in the form of links to online notes and descriptions of labs. I'll also follow up with some tips on using these notes effectively. How to Use These AP Biology Notes The notes in this article can be used to study for tests throughout the year that deal with smaller portions of the curriculum, or they can be referenced in your studying for the final exam. In both cases, supplement them with information from a textbook and/or review book. You should also incorporate practice questions, quizzes, and tests into your studying to solidify your knowledge of the material. You can find these resources in my AP Biology study guide, a review book, your textbook, or the materials provided by your teacher. In-class tests, quizzes, and labs are also useful study aids. Don’t just read through the notes once and expect to do well! Since AP Biology requires a significant amount of analysis and critical thinking beyond memorization, you need to practice answering questions that test skills beyond the basic knowledge you’ll get from the notes. If you’re using these notes to study for a particular portion of the AP Biology course, you can find the appropriate topic area in the list below. I’ve organized the topics according to the four Big Ideas of the course so that you can find the unit you're looking for more easily. If you’re using these notes to study for the final exam, assess your strengths and weaknesses first so that you can prioritize the right content areas. Take a diagnostic test to determine how high you’re currently scoring and which types of questions give you the most trouble. You can use a test from a review book, or you can use one that you find online (just make sure it's the new version with 69 questions on the multiple choice section!). Print it out and give yourself the appropriate amount of time for each section so that you’re not caught off-guard by time constraints on the real exam. If you're practicing for in-class tests, you should also rehearse your creepy stare so that your teacher will be too terrified to give you anything less than an A. AP Biology Notes In this section, I’ll give you links to some resources for notes on every aspect of the AP Biology curriculum. Make sure you supplement them with class notes and records of your lab assignments. CourseNotes I found some of the most comprehensive and up-to-date AP Biology notes on CourseNotes. I’ve provided links to notes on specific topics to make it easier for you to target areas that are difficult for you. One downside to these notes is that there’s a ton of text and no pictures to break it up. If you find that this format doesn’t work well for you, consider getting a review book or consulting one of the other resources I’ll list in the next section. Big Idea 1: The Process of Evolution Drives the Diversity and Unity of Life Includes: Natural selection Hardy-Weinberg Biodiversity Vertebrates Invertebrates Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Protists Fungi Plant evolution Animal evolution Big Idea 2: Biological Systems Utilize Free Energy and Molecular Building Blocks to Grow, to Reproduce and to Maintain Dynamic Homeostasis Includes: Molecular biology Water Carbon/molecular diversity of life Macromolecules Homeostasis Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport chain Anaerobic respiration Metabolism Cell structure Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cell structure Cell membrane properties Active transport Passive transport Phospholipid bilayer Immune response Big Idea 3: Living Systems Store, Receive, Transmit and Respond to Information Essential to Life Processes Includes: Genes DNA structure and replication Mendel and the laws of inheritance Cell cycle Mitosis Meiosis Cancerous cells Cell communication Viruses Endocrine system Nervous system Big Idea 4: Biological Systems Interact, and These Systems and Their Interactions Possess Complex Properties Includes: How Plants Work Plant Structure Transport in Vascular Plants Plant Nutrition Circulatory system and respiratory system Digestive system Excretory system Muscular and skeletal systems Ecology Behavioral Population Community So many Big Ideas! Other Content Resources There are also a couple additional places where you can find notes on specific sections of the course. These resources are slightly outdated (they're tailored to the format of either the pre-2012 AP Biology curriculum or older textbooks), but they still contain information that may be useful in your studying. This page, for example, has notes on most topics covered in the current curriculum. There are also these notes on the 7th edition of the Campbell textbook; it’s not the most recent version of the book, but it might be helpful. The main difference between these notes and the notes in the previous section is that they aren't organized by Big Idea (the Big Ideas are an innovation of the new AP Biology curriculum), so it's not as easy to connect terms and concepts to larger themes as you review. Lab Summaries There are thirteen labs included in the AP Biology curriculum. Here’s a link to a page that briefly goes through all of the labs you’ll complete in a standard AP Biology class. Labs are also categorized by "Big Idea." If you're using these documents to review your lab assignments, skip to the second section of each PDF (where the page headers become red instead of blue). Labs for Big Idea 1 Artificial selection Mathematical modeling (Hardy-Weinberg) Comparing DNA Sequences to Understand Evolutionary Relationships Labs for Big Idea 2 Diffusion and Osmosis Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Labs for Big Idea 3 Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis Biotechnology: Bacterial Transformation Biotechnology: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA Labs for Big Idea 4 Energy Dynamics Transpiration Fruit Fly Behavior Enzyme Activity Make sure you also go through the actual lab work you did in class. Your own reports and data are the most valuable resources for reviewing this aspect of the AP curriculum. Big Picture Summaries The notes in this section are useful for revisiting major topics right before the exam. This packet covers all the main concepts you'll need to learn for AP Biology. You can also take a look at this extremely detailed review sheet that provides a similar rundown of the most essential parts of the course. If you want more guidance in your studying, consider buying a review book. Read my guide to the best review books for AP Biology here. AP Biology Studying: Let’s Talk Strategy Before you dive into the notes, read these tips so you can make the most out of the time you spend getting cozy with biological facts. Tip #1: Draw Diagrams and Rewrite Definitions There are many complex concepts that you’ll need to understand to do well on any assessment in AP Biology. These can be difficult to master just by reading notes. I find that drawing out the processes described in your textbook and notes can be very helpful in bridging the gap between memorization and genuine understanding. If you draw a diagram of the different parts of a cell or the process of cellular respiration, it will make more sense to you logically and will be easier to recall on the test. If this seems too involved, you can try rewriting the complex explanation in your own words to simplify it and make it easier to remember. Even just the act of writing it down will help you remember it better. Tip #2: Remember the Big Ideas Each concept in AP Biology falls under the larger umbrella of one of the four Big Ideas of the course. Remember not to lose sight of these ideas when you’re studying. As you review each smaller process or concept, link it back to a main theme. This will help you to contextualize it within the framework of the course as a whole and apply your knowledge logically to unfamiliar scenarios that may be presented on the test. In AP Biology (and the subject of Biology as a whole), everything is connected. Tip #3: Hit Refresh Remembering something right after you’ve studied it is one thing, and remembering it in the long term is another. After you get through a few sections of notes, go back and do a quick review of all the information you’ve learned. I’d also recommend doing this after you get through all the notes that pertain to a Big Idea for the course. It will help you to synthesize and retain the information so it doesn’t fall out of your brain as soon as you move onto the next topic (which can happen in AP Biology because there are so many details to remember!). Tip #4: Study the Method, Not Just the Information It’s easy to get caught up in going over the minuscule details of every topic in AP Biology, but you should devote at least some of your time to reviewing labs and general experimental principles. This includes concepts like dependent and independent variables, control groups, and unit conversions. You’ll see quite a few questions on the AP test (and most likely on your in-class tests throughout the year) that deal with experimental scenarios. It's much less stressful to answer these types of questions if you’re familiar with how similar experiments were conducted in your class. Conclusion You can continue to use this article as a reference point as you progress through the AP Biology curriculum. These notes should help you study for in-class assessments and the final AP test. Take practice tests often, and go over any areas where you feel less confident. If you take the time to prepare appropriately, you'll be pleasantly surprised by how little stress you feel on test day! What's Next? Is AP Biology especially challenging compared to other APs? Read this article for a detailed discussion on the difficulty level of the course and exam. Many students who take AP Biology also take the Biology SAT Subject Test. Learn more about the differences between the two exams and whether one is more important than the other in college admissions. As you review your notes for the AP, be sure to check out our biology topic guides. We go over the difference between homologous and analogous structures, what the photosynthesis equation is and how to use it, and the purpose of enzymes. We also teach you about cell theory and cell biology (including the cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum). Are you planning on applying to Ivy League or other highly selective colleges? Find out how many AP classes you should take in high school to end up with the strongest chance of acceptance. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

What Is AP International Diploma Do You Need One

What Is AP International Diploma Do You Need One SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The College Board’s AP program is recognized by colleges around the world. In addition to taking individual AP classes, students who are interested in attending school in another country can potentially earn the AP International Diploma. In this article, I’ll tell you what the AP Diploma is, how you can get it, and whether it’s worthwhile for you! What Is an AP International Diploma? The AP International Diploma (APID) is an award for students who have taken AP Exams and classes in high school and are interested in attending college abroad.The College Board offers this award because it's a more succinct way for colleges outside of a student's home country to assess performance in the AP program overall.The APID indicates that a student has successfully completed a well-rounded AP curriculum.It's also a way for the College Board's AP program to compete more directly with the IB program. You might think about shooting for an APDiploma if you’re a student in the US planning to apply to universities in other countries or if you’re an international student planning to apply to universities in the US.The APID indicates that a student has demonstrated excellence across a variety of subject areas within the AP curriculum.You don’t need to apply for the APID; it’s automatically awarded if you meet the requirements, which I will go over in the next section. How Can You Earn an AP International Diploma? To fulfill the requirements for the APID, you will need to take at least five AP Exams and earn a score of 3 or higher on all of them.You’ll have to take some specific types of AP courses to meet the APID standards. The first requirement is either two AP Exams in world language and culture or two AP Exams with one world language and culture course and one English course.For example, you could take the Spanish Language and Culture course and the French Language and Culture course.If you’re not taking two languages, you could take the English Literature and Composition course as a substitute for one of the language courses.Keep in mind that you can’t meet this requirement with two world language and culture courses that focus on the same language.Taking Spanish Language and Culture and Spanish Literature and Culture wouldn’t fulfill the requirement. The second APID requirement is one AP Exam that (surprise, surprise) emphasizes an international perspective.Classes you can use to fulfill this requirement include: World History Human Geography Comparative Government and Politics Art History Environmental Science Macroeconomics The third requirement is an AP Exam in either the sciences or math and computer science.Classes you can use to fulfill this requirement include: Calculus AB Calculus BC Computer Science A Statistics Biology Chemistry Environmental Science Physics 1 Physics 2 Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism Physics C: Mechanics The last requirement is one additional AP Exam in a class of your choice.The only stipulation is that it can’t be an English or world language course. AP Psychology, AP U.S. History, and AP Music Theory are all examples of classes you could use to fulfill this requirement.Your choices will partially depend on which classes you decide to take for the other requirements. Here's an example of a set of five classes that would fulfill the requirements for the APID: Spanish Language and Culture English Literature and Composition World History Biology Psychology One exam can’t fulfill two requirements even if it fits into multiple categories.Environmental Science would be an acceptable class for both the second and third requirements, but you wouldn’t be able to take it and say that you’ve completed both of them.You would need to choose another class from one of the two lists to meet the APID standards.If you end up retaking any of your AP tests because you didn’t score a 3 or higher the first time, your highest score will be counted towards the diploma. For the International Diploma, only your peak performance on each AP exam will count! Should You Get an AP International Diploma? First off, you should consider whether the college where you’re applying recognizes AP classes in the admission process.You can search universities all over the world on this page to see whether they will accept AP Exams and classes as markers of academic achievement.At German universities, for example, candidates who have earned AP Exam scores of 3 or higher on four or five tests are admitted, provided they meet the specific requirements for their area of study.If you’re an international student and are applying to college in the US, it’s almost certain that the schools you choose will recognize your achievements in the AP program. Even if the school you’re interested in recognizes APs, the AP International Diploma may not do a whole lot to improve your chances of acceptance on its own.Colleges care about how many AP classes students have taken, and the APID requirements are a good way to keep yourself on track with taking APs in a variety of different subject areas.However, a student who is particularly interested in the sciences might take 5 AP classes without earning the APID because they took two science classes instead of a science class and an international perspective class.That student won’t look much different in the eyes of colleges from another student who took the same number of APs but did manage to fulfill the requirements for the APID. For example, German universities have different sets of AP requirements that don’t align exactly with the APID requirements and will vary depending on your major. In this case, you would want to avoid just going for the APID and pay closer attention to the specific policies.The AP Diploma represents a well-balanced collection of AP classes and a high level of achievement, but it’s not going to make or break your application. If you take five or more AP classes and earn high scores on the exams, but you don’t fulfill the APID requirements, you won’t be any worse off than a student who does.But if you’ve only taken three or four AP classes and need one or two more to fulfill the requirements, you might consider going for the Diploma.Having a concrete goal will make it easier to stay motivated and choose a well-rounded course schedule. That being said, you might go to a high school where only three or four AP classes are offered, and that’s ok.Focus on earning high grades and challenging yourself as much as possible with difficult classes.A strong course record for an international student doesn’t necessarily have to include the APID, but it should include as many APs and other high-level classes as possible that are relevant to your areas of interest. One pencil for each AP class! (Just kidding, don't actually take 25 AP classes. Yes, I counted the pencils; please take your judgments elsewhere.) Conclusion The AP International Diploma is an award for students who plan on applying to colleges outside of their home country. To earn the APID, you must take five AP Exams in certain specified subject areas and earn scores of 3 or higher on all of them. The APID shows colleges that you’ve challenged yourself with difficult courses in high school, but the award itself probably won’t make a huge difference in your application.Taking five or more AP courses (if they’re available at your school) and scoring well on the exams is a great way to make a positive impression on colleges regardless of whether your schedule meets APID guidelines. What's Next? Curious about other international diploma programs? Learn more about the Advanced International Certificate of Education (AICE), created through Cambridge University in England. If you're working on planning your schedule,this guide will help you decidewhich AP classes to take. Read this article for more information about how difficult AP classes and exams will be for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: