The Best AP Biology Notes to Study With

The Best AP Biology Notes to Study With SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It's natural for your in-class notes to get a little disorganized in a course that covers as much material as AP Biology. If you're missing a couple of sections of notes or if you just want to see a clearer outline of how the course is structured, this article will be helpful. I've compiled all the information you need to know for the AP Biology test in the form of links to online notes and descriptions of labs. I'll also follow up with some tips on using these notes effectively. How to Use These AP Biology Notes The notes in this article can be used to study for tests throughout the year that deal with smaller portions of the curriculum, or they can be referenced in your studying for the final exam. In both cases, supplement them with information from a textbook and/or review book. You should also incorporate practice questions, quizzes, and tests into your studying to solidify your knowledge of the material. You can find these resources in my AP Biology study guide, a review book, your textbook, or the materials provided by your teacher. In-class tests, quizzes, and labs are also useful study aids. Don’t just read through the notes once and expect to do well! Since AP Biology requires a significant amount of analysis and critical thinking beyond memorization, you need to practice answering questions that test skills beyond the basic knowledge you’ll get from the notes. If you’re using these notes to study for a particular portion of the AP Biology course, you can find the appropriate topic area in the list below. I’ve organized the topics according to the four Big Ideas of the course so that you can find the unit you're looking for more easily. If you’re using these notes to study for the final exam, assess your strengths and weaknesses first so that you can prioritize the right content areas. Take a diagnostic test to determine how high you’re currently scoring and which types of questions give you the most trouble. You can use a test from a review book, or you can use one that you find online (just make sure it's the new version with 69 questions on the multiple choice section!). Print it out and give yourself the appropriate amount of time for each section so that you’re not caught off-guard by time constraints on the real exam. If you're practicing for in-class tests, you should also rehearse your creepy stare so that your teacher will be too terrified to give you anything less than an A. AP Biology Notes In this section, I’ll give you links to some resources for notes on every aspect of the AP Biology curriculum. Make sure you supplement them with class notes and records of your lab assignments. CourseNotes I found some of the most comprehensive and up-to-date AP Biology notes on CourseNotes. I’ve provided links to notes on specific topics to make it easier for you to target areas that are difficult for you. One downside to these notes is that there’s a ton of text and no pictures to break it up. If you find that this format doesn’t work well for you, consider getting a review book or consulting one of the other resources I’ll list in the next section. Big Idea 1: The Process of Evolution Drives the Diversity and Unity of Life Includes: Natural selection Hardy-Weinberg Biodiversity Vertebrates Invertebrates Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Protists Fungi Plant evolution Animal evolution Big Idea 2: Biological Systems Utilize Free Energy and Molecular Building Blocks to Grow, to Reproduce and to Maintain Dynamic Homeostasis Includes: Molecular biology Water Carbon/molecular diversity of life Macromolecules Homeostasis Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport chain Anaerobic respiration Metabolism Cell structure Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cell structure Cell membrane properties Active transport Passive transport Phospholipid bilayer Immune response Big Idea 3: Living Systems Store, Receive, Transmit and Respond to Information Essential to Life Processes Includes: Genes DNA structure and replication Mendel and the laws of inheritance Cell cycle Mitosis Meiosis Cancerous cells Cell communication Viruses Endocrine system Nervous system Big Idea 4: Biological Systems Interact, and These Systems and Their Interactions Possess Complex Properties Includes: How Plants Work Plant Structure Transport in Vascular Plants Plant Nutrition Circulatory system and respiratory system Digestive system Excretory system Muscular and skeletal systems Ecology Behavioral Population Community So many Big Ideas! Other Content Resources There are also a couple additional places where you can find notes on specific sections of the course. These resources are slightly outdated (they're tailored to the format of either the pre-2012 AP Biology curriculum or older textbooks), but they still contain information that may be useful in your studying. This page, for example, has notes on most topics covered in the current curriculum. There are also these notes on the 7th edition of the Campbell textbook; it’s not the most recent version of the book, but it might be helpful. The main difference between these notes and the notes in the previous section is that they aren't organized by Big Idea (the Big Ideas are an innovation of the new AP Biology curriculum), so it's not as easy to connect terms and concepts to larger themes as you review. Lab Summaries There are thirteen labs included in the AP Biology curriculum. Here’s a link to a page that briefly goes through all of the labs you’ll complete in a standard AP Biology class. Labs are also categorized by "Big Idea." If you're using these documents to review your lab assignments, skip to the second section of each PDF (where the page headers become red instead of blue). Labs for Big Idea 1 Artificial selection Mathematical modeling (Hardy-Weinberg) Comparing DNA Sequences to Understand Evolutionary Relationships Labs for Big Idea 2 Diffusion and Osmosis Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Labs for Big Idea 3 Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis Biotechnology: Bacterial Transformation Biotechnology: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA Labs for Big Idea 4 Energy Dynamics Transpiration Fruit Fly Behavior Enzyme Activity Make sure you also go through the actual lab work you did in class. Your own reports and data are the most valuable resources for reviewing this aspect of the AP curriculum. Big Picture Summaries The notes in this section are useful for revisiting major topics right before the exam. This packet covers all the main concepts you'll need to learn for AP Biology. You can also take a look at this extremely detailed review sheet that provides a similar rundown of the most essential parts of the course. If you want more guidance in your studying, consider buying a review book. Read my guide to the best review books for AP Biology here. AP Biology Studying: Let’s Talk Strategy Before you dive into the notes, read these tips so you can make the most out of the time you spend getting cozy with biological facts. Tip #1: Draw Diagrams and Rewrite Definitions There are many complex concepts that you’ll need to understand to do well on any assessment in AP Biology. These can be difficult to master just by reading notes. I find that drawing out the processes described in your textbook and notes can be very helpful in bridging the gap between memorization and genuine understanding. If you draw a diagram of the different parts of a cell or the process of cellular respiration, it will make more sense to you logically and will be easier to recall on the test. If this seems too involved, you can try rewriting the complex explanation in your own words to simplify it and make it easier to remember. Even just the act of writing it down will help you remember it better. Tip #2: Remember the Big Ideas Each concept in AP Biology falls under the larger umbrella of one of the four Big Ideas of the course. Remember not to lose sight of these ideas when you’re studying. As you review each smaller process or concept, link it back to a main theme. This will help you to contextualize it within the framework of the course as a whole and apply your knowledge logically to unfamiliar scenarios that may be presented on the test. In AP Biology (and the subject of Biology as a whole), everything is connected. Tip #3: Hit Refresh Remembering something right after you’ve studied it is one thing, and remembering it in the long term is another. After you get through a few sections of notes, go back and do a quick review of all the information you’ve learned. I’d also recommend doing this after you get through all the notes that pertain to a Big Idea for the course. It will help you to synthesize and retain the information so it doesn’t fall out of your brain as soon as you move onto the next topic (which can happen in AP Biology because there are so many details to remember!). Tip #4: Study the Method, Not Just the Information It’s easy to get caught up in going over the minuscule details of every topic in AP Biology, but you should devote at least some of your time to reviewing labs and general experimental principles. This includes concepts like dependent and independent variables, control groups, and unit conversions. You’ll see quite a few questions on the AP test (and most likely on your in-class tests throughout the year) that deal with experimental scenarios. It's much less stressful to answer these types of questions if you’re familiar with how similar experiments were conducted in your class. Conclusion You can continue to use this article as a reference point as you progress through the AP Biology curriculum. These notes should help you study for in-class assessments and the final AP test. Take practice tests often, and go over any areas where you feel less confident. If you take the time to prepare appropriately, you'll be pleasantly surprised by how little stress you feel on test day! What's Next? Is AP Biology especially challenging compared to other APs? Read this article for a detailed discussion on the difficulty level of the course and exam. Many students who take AP Biology also take the Biology SAT Subject Test. Learn more about the differences between the two exams and whether one is more important than the other in college admissions. As you review your notes for the AP, be sure to check out our biology topic guides. We go over the difference between homologous and analogous structures, what the photosynthesis equation is and how to use it, and the purpose of enzymes. We also teach you about cell theory and cell biology (including the cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum). Are you planning on applying to Ivy League or other highly selective colleges? Find out how many AP classes you should take in high school to end up with the strongest chance of acceptance. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

What Is AP International Diploma Do You Need One

What Is AP International Diploma Do You Need One SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The College Board’s AP program is recognized by colleges around the world. In addition to taking individual AP classes, students who are interested in attending school in another country can potentially earn the AP International Diploma. In this article, I’ll tell you what the AP Diploma is, how you can get it, and whether it’s worthwhile for you! What Is an AP International Diploma? The AP International Diploma (APID) is an award for students who have taken AP Exams and classes in high school and are interested in attending college abroad.The College Board offers this award because it's a more succinct way for colleges outside of a student's home country to assess performance in the AP program overall.The APID indicates that a student has successfully completed a well-rounded AP curriculum.It's also a way for the College Board's AP program to compete more directly with the IB program. You might think about shooting for an APDiploma if you’re a student in the US planning to apply to universities in other countries or if you’re an international student planning to apply to universities in the US.The APID indicates that a student has demonstrated excellence across a variety of subject areas within the AP curriculum.You don’t need to apply for the APID; it’s automatically awarded if you meet the requirements, which I will go over in the next section. How Can You Earn an AP International Diploma? To fulfill the requirements for the APID, you will need to take at least five AP Exams and earn a score of 3 or higher on all of them.You’ll have to take some specific types of AP courses to meet the APID standards. The first requirement is either two AP Exams in world language and culture or two AP Exams with one world language and culture course and one English course.For example, you could take the Spanish Language and Culture course and the French Language and Culture course.If you’re not taking two languages, you could take the English Literature and Composition course as a substitute for one of the language courses.Keep in mind that you can’t meet this requirement with two world language and culture courses that focus on the same language.Taking Spanish Language and Culture and Spanish Literature and Culture wouldn’t fulfill the requirement. The second APID requirement is one AP Exam that (surprise, surprise) emphasizes an international perspective.Classes you can use to fulfill this requirement include: World History Human Geography Comparative Government and Politics Art History Environmental Science Macroeconomics The third requirement is an AP Exam in either the sciences or math and computer science.Classes you can use to fulfill this requirement include: Calculus AB Calculus BC Computer Science A Statistics Biology Chemistry Environmental Science Physics 1 Physics 2 Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism Physics C: Mechanics The last requirement is one additional AP Exam in a class of your choice.The only stipulation is that it can’t be an English or world language course. AP Psychology, AP U.S. History, and AP Music Theory are all examples of classes you could use to fulfill this requirement.Your choices will partially depend on which classes you decide to take for the other requirements. Here's an example of a set of five classes that would fulfill the requirements for the APID: Spanish Language and Culture English Literature and Composition World History Biology Psychology One exam can’t fulfill two requirements even if it fits into multiple categories.Environmental Science would be an acceptable class for both the second and third requirements, but you wouldn’t be able to take it and say that you’ve completed both of them.You would need to choose another class from one of the two lists to meet the APID standards.If you end up retaking any of your AP tests because you didn’t score a 3 or higher the first time, your highest score will be counted towards the diploma. For the International Diploma, only your peak performance on each AP exam will count! Should You Get an AP International Diploma? First off, you should consider whether the college where you’re applying recognizes AP classes in the admission process.You can search universities all over the world on this page to see whether they will accept AP Exams and classes as markers of academic achievement.At German universities, for example, candidates who have earned AP Exam scores of 3 or higher on four or five tests are admitted, provided they meet the specific requirements for their area of study.If you’re an international student and are applying to college in the US, it’s almost certain that the schools you choose will recognize your achievements in the AP program. Even if the school you’re interested in recognizes APs, the AP International Diploma may not do a whole lot to improve your chances of acceptance on its own.Colleges care about how many AP classes students have taken, and the APID requirements are a good way to keep yourself on track with taking APs in a variety of different subject areas.However, a student who is particularly interested in the sciences might take 5 AP classes without earning the APID because they took two science classes instead of a science class and an international perspective class.That student won’t look much different in the eyes of colleges from another student who took the same number of APs but did manage to fulfill the requirements for the APID. For example, German universities have different sets of AP requirements that don’t align exactly with the APID requirements and will vary depending on your major. In this case, you would want to avoid just going for the APID and pay closer attention to the specific policies.The AP Diploma represents a well-balanced collection of AP classes and a high level of achievement, but it’s not going to make or break your application. If you take five or more AP classes and earn high scores on the exams, but you don’t fulfill the APID requirements, you won’t be any worse off than a student who does.But if you’ve only taken three or four AP classes and need one or two more to fulfill the requirements, you might consider going for the Diploma.Having a concrete goal will make it easier to stay motivated and choose a well-rounded course schedule. That being said, you might go to a high school where only three or four AP classes are offered, and that’s ok.Focus on earning high grades and challenging yourself as much as possible with difficult classes.A strong course record for an international student doesn’t necessarily have to include the APID, but it should include as many APs and other high-level classes as possible that are relevant to your areas of interest. One pencil for each AP class! (Just kidding, don't actually take 25 AP classes. Yes, I counted the pencils; please take your judgments elsewhere.) Conclusion The AP International Diploma is an award for students who plan on applying to colleges outside of their home country. To earn the APID, you must take five AP Exams in certain specified subject areas and earn scores of 3 or higher on all of them. The APID shows colleges that you’ve challenged yourself with difficult courses in high school, but the award itself probably won’t make a huge difference in your application.Taking five or more AP courses (if they’re available at your school) and scoring well on the exams is a great way to make a positive impression on colleges regardless of whether your schedule meets APID guidelines. What's Next? Curious about other international diploma programs? Learn more about the Advanced International Certificate of Education (AICE), created through Cambridge University in England. If you're working on planning your schedule,this guide will help you decidewhich AP classes to take. Read this article for more information about how difficult AP classes and exams will be for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Licencia de conducir para indocumentados en California

Licencia de conducir para indocumentados en California En cumplimiento de la ley AB60 los inmigrantes indocumentados que tienen su residencia habitual en California pueden sacar la licencia de conducir.   Esta ley ha sido todo un à ©xito. Comenzà ³ a aplicarse con fecha del 2 de enero de 2015 y, en su primer aà ±o, 830,000 migrantes indocumentados obtuvieron su licencia. Es decir, la mitad del total de conductores que obtuvieron su documento eran indocumentados. En este artà ­culo se explica en 7 puntos lo que se debe de tener en cuenta y que facilita entender todos los pasos en la tramitacià ³n de la licencia, particularmente quà © documentacià ³n se puede presentar para probar identidad y residencia. Cà ³mo hacer una cita para los exmenes para sacar la licencia Marcar al 1-800-777 o ingresar en la pgina oficial de DMV de California (en espaà ±ol). Y asà ­ cerrar la cita. Antes de hacer gestiones para sacar la licencia, tener muy presente que si se ha utilizado una licencia bajo un nombre falso, eso es delito de fraude y podrà ­a ocasionar problemas. En estos casos, consultar con un abogado o una organizacià ³n de apoyo a inmigrantes para estudiar el caso. Quà © hay que hacer ANTES de cerrar la cita para los exmenes Si en el momento de solicitar la licencia de conducir  se tienen  tickets (multas)  sin pagar no se podr obtener. Hay que pagar la totalidad de lo que se debe o, si es mucho, cerrar un acuerdo para pagar a plazos. Recordar que las condenas por DIU (manejando mientras intoxicado por alcohol y drogas) es una falta grave, est incluida entre las causas que convierten a un inmigrante en prioridad para deportacià ³n.   Quà © exmenes hay que rendir para sacar la licencia Son necesarios dos exmenes:  uno de manejar y otro de conocimientos sobre leyes de trfico, seà ±ales, etc. Este examen de conocimientos se puede rendir en inglà ©s y tambià ©n en otros idiomas, como el espaà ±ol o el mixteco, el trique y otras lenguas indà ­genas.  En la pgina web de DMV hay ejemplos de exmenes de manejo  que se pueden utilizar para practicar. Tambià ©n se puede acudir a organizaciones sin fin de lucro  que brindan servicios para preparar el test. Quà © documentacià ³n se necesita para que los indocumentados puedan obtener una licencia de manejar en California Entre los documentos que se necesitan para sacar la licencia de conducir habr que mostrar los que prueben  la identidad del inmigrante  y tambià ©n los que  prueben que efectivamente reside  en el estado de California: Para identificarse: Suficiente UN (1)  documento: Tarjeta Federal Electoral vlida de Mà ©xico. Si no se tiene, mirar las siguientes opciones.O mostrar dos (2) documentos de entre los siguientes: Tarjeta de identificacià ³n vlida de Guatemala, Tarjeta de identificacià ³n vlida de Perà º, pasaporte extranjero vlido de cualquier paà ­s, tarjeta ID con foto emitida por el gobierno federal, tarjeta consular de Mà ©xico, Ecuador o Guatemala. En estos casos el DMV comprobar con el gobierno que emitià ³ el documento que es verdadero. Por ejemplo, chequear con los consulados sobre la tarjeta consular y con los gobiernos extranjeros sobre los pasaportes. Si no es posible obtener dos de esos documentos, entonces:O mostrar dos (2) documentos de entre los siguientes: Pasaporte extranjero expirado, pero que tiene una fecha de emisià ³n de 2005 o posterior, o un certificado de nacimiento que ha sido emitido  en los à ºltimos seis meses a la fecha de aplicacià ³n de la licencia por la autoridad del paà ­ s en el que se nacià ³ y que adems tiene una foto del aplicante y que adems est traducida al inglà ©s por el consulado y contiene una certificado con Apostilla. O una tarjeta I.D. emitida por el gobierno federal con una foto actual. Si tampoco es posible obtener estos documentos: O solicitar una entrevista con un investigador del DMV  que puede tener en cuenta documentos diversos como  transcrips  de escuela con fecha de nacimiento de solicitante, aplicacià ³n de asilo,  forma I-20 para estudiantes internacionales, forma DS-2019 para los que han tenido una visa J-1, licencias de matrimonio y/o divorcio, licencias de manejo de otros paà ­ses, planillas de impuestos, etc. Antes de presentar estos papeles verificar las caracterà ­sticas que deben tener en cuanto a idioma, traduccià ³n, fechas, fotos, autoridad que las emite, etc. Documentos para probar la residencia en California Presentar uno (1) de los siguientes documentos: Escritura de hipotecaLease  de vivienda con fecha de inicio del alquiler y firmas del inquilino y del arrendador.Tà ­tulos de propiedades inmobiliarias.Facturas de  utilities  con direccià ³n y nombre.Rà ©cords mà ©dicosRà ©cords de pago de impuestos federales o al estado de CaliforniaRà ©cords de pago de impuestos sobre bienes raà ­ces (property tax bill)Confirmacià ³n de cambio de direccià ³n emitido por el Servicio de Correos (forma CNI. 107)Licencia de matrimonio o documentos sobre parejas civiles (domestic partners) con la direccià ³n de residencia.Rà ©cords de bancosDocumentos emitidos por el gobierno federal Los padres o guardianes de  menores de edad  puede testificar en la  aplicacià ³n el lugar de residencia del menor. Todo lo que hay que saber sobre la mayorà ­a de edad en Estados Unidos. Cul es el costo El  costo  de la licencia es de  $33. Para quà © puede utilizarse esta licencia de manejar La licencia de manejar para indocumentados de California sà ³lo se podr utilizar para conducir y para comprar un seguro para el auto. No puede utilizarse como I.D. para, por ejemplo, abrir una cuenta en un banco. Hay que saber que la licencia para indocumentados luce distinta de la que tienen el resto de californianos. En la parte frontal tiene escrito la frase (FEDERAL LIMITS APPLY) y por eso es fcil identificarla.   A tener en cuenta Estar alerta y evitar fraudes, por ejemplo, comprar para uso errà ³neo una licencia internacional de manejar. Si se viaja a menos de 100 millas de la frontera es posible encontrarse en carretera con un control migratorio interno. Y si se es detenido o arrestado (manejando o de otra manera) estos son 7 derechos que tienen los indocumentados. Por à ºltimo, California es el estado con ms inmigrantes indocumentados en todo Estados Unidos con ms de 2.4 millones de personas en esa situacià ³n migratoria. Reconociendo esa realidad,muchas ciudades han optado por proteger a todos los miembros de su comunidad mediante una polà ­tica de ciudades santuario  y tambià ©n reconociendo beneficios sociales. Disfrutar California Por à ºltimo, para las personas que residen o visitan California, puede ser de interà ©s estas 7  recomendaciones para obtener boletos baratos para Disneyland, en Anaheim, California. Este artà ­culo no es asesorà ­a legal. Sà ³lo tienen carcter informativo.

Categorize salespeople or severs according to their effectiveness Essay

Categorize salespeople or severs according to their effectiveness - Essay Example Having their own agenda includes socialization with constant, unauthorized visits by friends and associates, thereby forgetting about the needs of their tables. Also, grossly incompetent servers eat off of customers plates and spit in customers food when angry at patrons. Such a server can be recognized easily, as the tips they receive are virtually non-existent. The second classification is mediocre, meaning that a server in this category provides basic service expectations, but never going the extra proverbial mile. A waiter or waitress in this category routinely wears improper shoes for the job, always needing to rest. A mediocre server often drops food orders off the tray and is, by nature, clumsy. Forgetting to fill condiment bottles, thus leaving customers with no ketchup or mustard, is a primary element of mediocre service potential. Such servers receive low tips, tending to illustrate that a person in this category must improve. A satisfactory server provides the bare minimum of what is expected in their role of server, generally getting everything correct, rarely making mistakes such as ordering the wrong customer meals or participating in unauthorized social visitation. A satisfactory server wears the proper uniforms everyday on the job, refuses to engage in potentially negative romantic relationships with co-workers, and does not argue with superiors. Satisfactory servers generally provide a quality dining experience for customers, which can be measured by a fair receipt of tips. Finally, a stellar performer goes above and beyond their expectations, volunteering for additional workload and overtime, never forgets to fill condiment bottles, and always creates an accurate final bill for exiting patrons. Such a server maintains a quality sense of humor and is able to build camaraderie between themselves and their dining parties. A server

Collapse of the Housing Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Collapse of the Housing Market - Essay Example The cracks appeared in the banking system three years later. Housing prices started falling in the year 2005. Initial symptom appeared in the market for sub prime residential mortgage-supported securities as investment demand shrank in 2006. Cracks in financial market became wide open in June 2007 with the failure to meet the lenders’ call on Collateralised Debt Obligations (CDOs) by hedge funds for subprime loans. In a way, it was the overconfidence of the mortgage brokers who went on selling loans to home buyers in the sub prime sector of the housing market due to market hype (Financial World 26-28). The recessionary trends appeared with the sub prime lending to home borrowers. The crisis started from Cleveland where loans in huge amount were cleared without verifying income and documents by the mortgage brokers. Refinancing was allowed on the condition that new sub prime mortgage would start after two years at double the prevailing interest rates. The crisis deepened when t he whole of America came under its influence as property prices touched a new height; as a result, demand for owning property increased because of mortgage brokers and refinancing. When the interest reset period ended after two years, interest rates went higher because Fed interest rates also increased on which sub prime mortgage interests were based (BBC News 9-13).

3 P's and a D Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

3 P's and a D - Essay Example Always low price is a fundamental strategy of my company. Then, there are special sales promotions and the workers in every department, especially marketing, are especially trained to keep customers coming back on basis of these amazing sales promotions. My company has always attempted to gain a competitive edge by setting up stores where a large percentage of customers can have an easy access to them. Placement has been always prioritized to benefit and facilitate customers. However, I perceive weakness in the marketing strategy of my company along the dimension of price. Goods of all sorts are presented to public at very reasonable prices. But, this strategy is not fair and equitable to all parties. This is because to sell products at markedly lower prices, employees and suppliers are squeezed and their living standard is compromised. They get lower median wages because of the company’s aim to provide products at cheap

Solid-phase synthesis of Gly-Glu-Lys-Gly-Ala by Merrifields method Lab Report

Solid-phase synthesis of Gly-Glu-Lys-Gly-Ala by Merrifields method - Lab Report Example Step 6: Decoupling and reaction with resin bound Gly to form dipeptide (Boc-Glu-Gly-Resin).Step 7: Orthogonal protection of second -NH2 group of Lys by benzyloxycarbonic acid treatment of already N’ terminal (ÃŽ ±NH2-) protected Boc-Lys.Step 8: Linking such both NH2-group protected Boc-Lys derivative with Glu-Gly-Resin.Step 9: Addition of Boc-Gly to derivatized Lys-Glu-Gly-Resin.Step 10: Addition of Boc-Ala to Gly-derivatized Lys-Glu-Gly-Resin.Step 11: Universal decoupling and release of N’-Ala-Gly-Lys-Glu-Gly-C.’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the essay, gly has a vast pK range and can be covalently linked to the resin at any pH value. Glu has quite acidic isoelectric point (pI) (= 3.1), and for all reactions in aqueous solutions (Boc and DCCD derivatization) it is required to keep pH close to 3.0. Once Glu is linked, Lys has very alkaline pI (= 9.8) and thus the resin should be washed with a buffer of pH 10.0. All blocking reactions (Boc, DCCD and benzyloxyca rbonic acid) need to be carried out in aqueous phase at this pH. Subsequently, for Gly and Ala, pH can be brought back to neutral or slightly acidic (pH 5.0-7.0). Orthogonal protection is a method to protect other than N’ and C’ terminals, the COOH, NH2, and other groups which may affect peptide bond formation or cause stearic hindrance such as –OH, -SH etc. Depending on the groups to be protected (here Lys) chemicals can be chosen. As coupling of amino acids through a peptide bond is enderogenic reaction, they need to be activated by DCCD before coupling. Source Voet, D. & V