To what extent, and in what respects, does Relevance Theory resolve Essay

To what extent, and in what respects, does Relevance Theory resolve problems surrounding the distinction between explicit and implicit communication - Essay Example Relevance theory poses the questions that surround interpretation of information and gives distinction of explicit and implicit communication In a discussion of Relevance Theory, one must first identify the difference between implicit and explicit communications. Explicit communication can be defined by the study of the obvious. In looking at language based on the way in which information is conveyed, the rules of the language and what signs and symbols comprise the language becomes the basis of the explicit communication. The basic rules on which those signs and symbols are interpreted is also part of explicit communication. Implicit The second issue that should be addressed are the foundational approaches on pragmatism proposed and generally accepted by Paul Grice. â€Å"The first is that sentence meaning is a vehicle for conveying a speaker’s meaning, and that a speaker’s meaning is an overtly expressed intention which is fulfilled by being recognized.† Wilson and Sperber define this by saying that â€Å"On the inferential view, utterances are not signals but pieces of evidence about the speakers meaning, and comprehension is achieved by inferring this meaning from evidence provided not only by the utterance but also by the context.† [1]. In this proposal, language is only a piece of the communication process. Language is a source of minimal expression that is the core of much larger interpretations. The second foundational argument made by Grice is that â€Å"in inferring the speaker’s meaning, the hearer is guided by the expectation that utterances should meet some specific standards† [2]. Wilson & Sperber say that â€Å"conversation is a rational, cooperative activity. In formulating their utterances, speakers are expected to follow a Cooperative Principle, backed by maxims of Quantity (informativeness), Quality (truthfulness),

Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Evolution - Essay Example Although Scientists are convinced that macroevolution occurs resulting in emergence of new species, this is a misconception. This paper argues that macroevolution has never and will never occur. The reasons given by scientists to support occurrence of evolution are controversial and disputable. Irrespective of there being no observable evidence to show occurrence of macroevolution, scientist continue to defend the notion that the existing species evolved from primitive species through gradual stages. There is not recorded evidence that any distinct organism ever evolved into a different kind of organism. This shows that evolution of any significant scale has never occurred and will never occur (Camp, 2006). If the process of evolution ever occurred, then someone must have observed it. On the contrary no one has ever witnessed an organism undergo evolution. Additionally, there are no transitional forms of organism in existence. If evolution does occur, then different organisms of different species would at least be seen in their transitional stages (Denton, 2010). On the contrary, organisms belonging to same species are almost indistinguishable in terms of the traits they possess. Although a single species may have different varieties, there are no organisms in the transition stages that show characteristics such as shared features between two different species. For example, if human evolved from the apes, there should be some existing ape like human in the process of evolving into humans. On the contrary, contemporary apes are different from humans with no entities in the transitional stages (Camp, 2006). Another reason why macroevolution is an invention by scientists is failure of experiments in the lab. Scientists have carried out experiments using rapidly reproducing organisms such as fruit flies in an attempt to produce better species. Such experiments have failed even with use of

To what extent, and in what respects, does Relevance Theory resolve Essay

To what extent, and in what respects, does Relevance Theory resolve problems surrounding the distinction between explicit and implicit communication - Essay Example Relevance theory poses the questions that surround interpretation of information and gives distinction of explicit and implicit communication In a discussion of Relevance Theory, one must first identify the difference between implicit and explicit communications. Explicit communication can be defined by the study of the obvious. In looking at language based on the way in which information is conveyed, the rules of the language and what signs and symbols comprise the language becomes the basis of the explicit communication. The basic rules on which those signs and symbols are interpreted is also part of explicit communication. Implicit The second issue that should be addressed are the foundational approaches on pragmatism proposed and generally accepted by Paul Grice. â€Å"The first is that sentence meaning is a vehicle for conveying a speaker’s meaning, and that a speaker’s meaning is an overtly expressed intention which is fulfilled by being recognized.† Wilson and Sperber define this by saying that â€Å"On the inferential view, utterances are not signals but pieces of evidence about the speakers meaning, and comprehension is achieved by inferring this meaning from evidence provided not only by the utterance but also by the context.† [1]. In this proposal, language is only a piece of the communication process. Language is a source of minimal expression that is the core of much larger interpretations. The second foundational argument made by Grice is that â€Å"in inferring the speaker’s meaning, the hearer is guided by the expectation that utterances should meet some specific standards† [2]. Wilson & Sperber say that â€Å"conversation is a rational, cooperative activity. In formulating their utterances, speakers are expected to follow a Cooperative Principle, backed by maxims of Quantity (informativeness), Quality (truthfulness),

Poetry Analysis Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poetry Analysis Assignment - Essay Example The speaker is conversing from beyond the grave and describing the journey she undertook with death. The speaker is now a ghost and journeys through the life before and after death together with death. Death is personified and appears to be travelling along with the speaker from life to afterlife. The setting of the poem keeps changing since the speaker and death are on a journey, which begins when the speaker is picked by death for what seems like an adventure. This paper focuses on analyzing the poem by explaining the different themes within the poem, which include mortality, immortality, love, and spirituality. This paper also seeks to analyze the different figures of speech such as personification, alliteration, and rhymes used by the author to emphasize on the themes. The poem â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death† attempts to display the cycle of life. This statement depicts the speaker to have been too busy to notice the presence of death. The poem however analyses t he cycle from behind as it starts with the death. The lines â€Å"We paused before a House that seemed A Swelling of the Ground† (Dickinson, 2011, para. 5) describe the dwelling of the speaker, which shows that she is already dead and buried. The Statement â€Å"The Carriage held but just ourselves –/ and Immortality† (Dickinson, 2011, para 1) is used to depict a period or loneliness and isolation from the world. In this statement, the immortality is personified such that it appears to be accompanying the author. The author also attempts to demonstrate the loneliness that death brings. She then moves to the stage of childhood when she says â€Å"At Recess – in the Ring.† (Dickinson, 2011, para.3) This depicts the author is recalling and describing the prime years of life.  After this stage of delight, a stage full of uncertainty follows which the poet describes as he â€Å"Dews drew quivering and Chill –For only Gossamer, my Gown† ( Dickinson, 2011, para. 4). Some of the uncertainties characterizing this stage include unfulfilled needs. The speaker’s gown is not sufficient to protect her from the cold. â€Å"We slowly drove- He knew no haste† (Dickinson, 2011, para. 2) depicts death as a forward but slow process, which is like a long journey. Personification is used to emphasize the slowness of death. The main themes discussed in this poem include mortality, immortality, spirituality, and love. The theme of mortality gyrates throughout the poem since the poem is a depiction of the speaker’s attitude towards death. The speaker talks of â€Å"A Swelling of the Ground-† (Dickinson, 2011, para.5) indicating presence of a grave. The theme of immortality become evident as the speaker is already dead and yet revisits her before death, which indicates existence of afterlife. The line â€Å"Surmised the Horses’ Heads- Were toward Eternity –† (Dickinson, 2011, para.6) show s belief in life after death. The word Eternity is capitalized to indicate the place the author is travelling towards in her journey. The theme of spirituality in the poem is portrayed by use of a ghost speaker. Thus, the author must have been religious. The theme of love is evident when the speaker appears to be on a date with death though the theme is not clearly spelt. The author has utilized figurative language such as alliteration, repletion, symbolism, anthropomorphism, personification, paradox, and metaphor to accentuate the different themes. â€Å"And Immortality†

Scottish Independence Essay Example for Free

Scottish Independence Essay â€Å"The beauty of independence, departure, actions that rely on themselves† -Walt Whitman Currently Scotland is part of the United Kingdom. Scottish Independence is â€Å"a political aim for some political parties, advocacy groups, and individuals in Scotland for the country to once again become an independent sovereign state.† A Referendum (â€Å"A general vote by the electorate on a single political question which has been referred to them for a direct decision.†) will be held on Thursday, 18 September, 2014 to decide whether Scotland should become an independent country. I am for Scotland being an independent country primarily because of, but not limited to, the points listed below. Scotland will be more prosperous and economically better off as an independent country. In any society, one of the main questions asked before any sort of political decision, whether it be by the prime minister or just an electorate deciding who to vote for, is if I decide on this option, will I or the country be better off because of it. It is no surprise then that this is one of the main points brought up in the referendum debate. Objectively it seems that Scotland and subsequently the people of Scotland will be financially better off if Scotland were to become independent. A lot of people say this is primarily because of the North Sea oil. Although North Sea oil is important and is in itself another point of discussion/concern for the Scottish government and its people, even without it Scotlands economic output per head is 99 percent of the UK average- and with oil it is 118 percent. This means that over the last 30 years we’ve paid more than our share of tax.. This isn’t a recent or random occurrence either, for decades the amount of tax revenue generated in Scotland per person has been greater than the figure for the UK as a whole. In the most recent year, Scotland contributed  £56.9 Billion in tax revenue. That’s equivalent to  £10,700 for every person in Scotland. In Comparison the average tax revenue in the UK as a whole was just  £9000 pound per person. If you do the math then Scotland has been paying  £1,700 a head extra in taxes. As mentioned previously however, this isn’t a recent thing and has been going on for decades. As a  matter of fact since 1981 Scotland has paid  £222 billion more than we would have done if we had just matched the contribution made per head by the UK as a whole. This all equates to almost  £45,000 extra paid for every person living in Scotland. Scotland makes up 8.4 percent of the United Kingdoms population and generates 9.9 percent of its taxes, but only gets back 9.3 percent back again to spend on essential services. Scotland’s finances were stronger than uks by  £4.4 billion, this means if Scotland got independence we would have  £4.4 billion extra to spend and still be in the same financial position as the UK is now. All this leads up to the fact that if Scotland were to become an independent country we would be 8th in the OECD league table of the world’s advanced economies in terms of GDP per head. By contrast, the UK would only be in 17th place. Scotlands wealth per head was  £27,211. The UK figure was  £23,002 per head. Public Spending in Scotland only accounts for 42.7 percent of Scotland’s gdp compared to 45.5 percent for the uk as a whole. Withdrawing the nuclear weapons from the Clyde will save  £163 each year and if the current government introduce the proposed new nuclear missiles then that means saving  £250 million a year. oil and gas revenue would flow to Scotland and expect to contribute  £48 billion in next six years. An independent Scotland would mean a renewed and fairer democracy. If you refer back to the definition of Scottish independence, then you see that the aim is for Scotland to become an independent sovereign state. a sovereign state is â€Å"a nonphysical juridical entity of the international legal system that is represented by a centralized government that has supreme independent authority over a geographic area† all sovereign states are countries but not all countries are sovereign states. Scotland is classified as a country however it is currently part of the sovereign state known as the United Kingdom. If you apply the definition to this context then the centralized government is Westminster and the geographic area is the whole of the UK. If you think about it like that it doesnt really seem fair that Scotland has to abide by the laws and policies brought in by a different country. Scotland does have mps in westminster but this usually does little the change the verdict due to the following fact: After the 2010 general election 650 mps were elected, 553 from England, 59 from Scotland, 40 from Wales and 18 from  northern Ireland, This means that no matter if every mp from Scotland votes against a policy all it would take is one tenth of the rest of the mps to vote for it and it would be passed. An example would be the recent bedroom tax, 9% of Scottish mps voted for and 91% against it but the tax still went through, another example would be the welfare cuts, 19% Scottish mps voted for and 81% voted against and it but it went ahead and will force, experts believe, 60,000 more Scottish children into poverty. This has also happened with austerity cuts VAT increases and many more policies were Scotland’s mps have voted against it yet it still affects Scotland because more mps from different countries vote for it. This affects Scotland politically but as a result of and possibly even more importantly economically, this is represented well by the previous statistics and also by the fact that the UK government has placed trident missiles at faslane on the Clyde, even though the majority of Scottish citizens are against it, yet were paying  £163 million extra a year to keep weapons we dont want in a place where we dont want it to be kept. However, with regard to the above arguments, not everything about Scottish independence would be easy sailing and clear skies, it couldnt be or the majority of the population wouldnt be voting against independence. The Scotsman polls Yes at 33-34% and No at 52-57%. The Daily Mail puts it at 27% for Yes and 56% for No. Herald Scotland says 27% will vote Yes and 41% will vote No. It seems that the consensus among people is that Scotland will remain part of the UK. Below are some reasons why people may be deciding against independence Scotlands future seems uncertain if we get independence. Alot of things about the referendum and Scotlands future are very cloudy and even after the release of the white paper, which was meant to clear up a lot of these issues so that the people could make their own informed decision, there are still a lot of points which people and even the government are unsure about. An example of this would be the amount of debt which Scotland would take on if it were to get independence. The UK has a debt of 88.7% of their GDP (as of 2012, its expected to have risen to around 90%) and if scotland were to become independent then it is expected that Scotland would take on anywhere  from 0 to  £140 billion of this or even more,its just not clear enough yet how much debt Scotland would take on.Another question is what currency Scotland would employ after they gained Independence. Alex Salmond vows that he will keep the pound however no official agreement has taken place. According to the Scotsman Alex Salmond held â€Å"technical† discussions on the proposal with the former Bank Governor, Mervyn King,last year.Many people, like George Osborne and Alistair Carmichael, think it is unlikely that the two countries will share the pound sterling, with george osborne even going as far to say that he will block scotland from retaining the pound.This is discussed in further detail below.If Scotland were to get independence they would have to leave the EU, according to the spanish prime minister, who is dealing with a similar situation with catalonias proposed independence, he said If a part of the territory of a member state ceases to be a part of that state because that territory becomes a new independent state, treaties will no longer apply to that territory, In other words, a new independent state would, by the fact of its independence, become a third countr y with respect to the Union and the treaties would, from the day of its independence, not apply anymore on its territory. they can re-apply for membership, which is what Alex Salmond would intend to do, however all of the countries would have to accept/agree with Scotland joining the EU. Scotland would have problems with the currency. No matter if Scotland retain the pound or not, they will run into consequences with whatever option they choose. As it stands there are 3 options Scotland has in terms of currency: 1.Keep the pound, this is what Alex Salmond wants,however if Scotland and England were going to agree to a â€Å"Currency Union† (â€Å"where two or more states share the same currency, though without there necessarily having any further integration†) then it would ultimately put Constraints on an independent Scotland’s economic policies: even if it could be agreed, a formal currency union would severely limit an independent Scotland’s economic freedom – to ensure that risks to the rest of the UK were managed an independent Scotland would lose some of its power over decisions on its own â€Å"fiscal policy† (for example, how much it could spend on health, education, and so on) with the Bank of England also determining interest rates and the cost of borrowing in Scotland and would have to accept the rest of the UK having oversight of  its tax and spending plans. This all in a way defeats one of the main points of Scottish Independence, which is for Scotland to have complete economic independence and to have full control over taxes, public expenditure etc. As you can see this would not be the case if an Independent Scotland were to adopt the Pound. Another option would be to join the Euro. This would possibly be the worst decision as all the problems associated with adopting the pound would be present in adopting the Euro, just worse. Many more countries in the eurozone are running into debt and having to accept bailouts, primarily because of fact that one shoe doesnt fit all in terms of the politics of the eurozone, theres not really any way to tell if an Independent Scotland would benefit from the policies and regulations set in by the european union in terms of the euro. The last option would be that Scotland creates its own currency. On the outside it seems to dissolve the problems of another country/set of counties having a large influen ce and in some instances complete control of many of the economic policies and taxings within Scotland. While this is probably the best option, starting a new currency is no easy task. Apart from the decisions to be made on the actual currency like what would be printed on the currency, what materials the coins/notes would be made from in terms of percentages, what the new currency would be called, however these are just minor problems, the real problems would be figuring out how to get the new currency into the system, with rules possibly having to be put in place to prevent large amounts of Pounds Sterling leaving the country. Laws would have to be formed to grant the new currency status of legal tender, as well as laws which define and control the use of the currency. All of these laws would also have to be approved by parliament.To change the currency would take about 6 months minimum, but in reality it would probably take alot longer. The actual printing of the money could possibly run into tens of millions of pounds, but the actual process of the currency swap would be the most costly. All of this would have to be highly scrutinized,as if there was any uncertainty over the details of the currency it could potentially drive away countries or businesses looking to invest in scotland or its new currency. To sum up, even though a lot of the details about scottish independence are still cloudy and a lot of people are scared about what might happen if we  gain independence and if such a small country could support itself, the bottom line seems to be with complete political and possibly economic independence, we would get to make decisions based on our own needs, and not the whole UK’s. Even though we do still rely quite heavily on Oil, its still a while to go before it runs out, and in that time hopefully the money generated by it will be invested into different economic sectors to fuel Scotlands powerful economy. With Reference to the quote by Walt Whitman, we must take action and rely upon ourselves to make the right decision in relation to this countrys economic and political well being, even if it might seem scary, no-one ever got anywhere by running away from a situation and sitting on their hands just because the idea scared them. Alex Salmond described the referendum as a â€Å"once in a lifetime opportunity† and it would be such a shame to see this opportunity wasted due to the sheer pride and prejudice of people.

Economic Conservation vs. Environmental Conservation Essay -- Economic

Economic Conservation vs. Environmental Conservation Around the world people are being affected by conservation and endangered species laws and regulations. Some want the biggest house on the most beautiful land and have the money to get it, while others feel that we have developed enough and there has to be more land left to nature. I feel that while endangered species should be protected, their protection should not change the way that local people function, and interact with one another. This has prompted a battle of economic growth versus environmental conservation that can be found both locally such as in Duxbury, Massachusetts, and world wide such as the southern mountainous region of Vietnam. Duxbury is a small town on the south shore of Massachusetts located on the coast between Boston and Cape Cod. The town’s barrier beach is a long thin peninsula spanning the entire length of the town’s coast. It is called a barrier beach because it acts essentially as a barrier between the mainland coasts and the larger ocean waves. Access to the barrier beach, through the town, is limited to a single wooden bridge. Once over the bridge, there is a walk-on beach, and a sandy road that provides access to the rest of the peninsula. Along the road there are a number of drive-on beaches, which provide over-sand access to four wheel drive cars, and at the end of the peninsula are two small groups of homes called Gurnet and Saquish. Seasonal beach permits, which are necessary for anyone to drive over the bridge, are sold to both residents and non residents and these funds are used to maintain the ever-changing beach. According to the Town of Duxbury website, permits for the 2003 season ran between $45 and $110 for re... ... will live on. Works Cited Best of Boston 2003. (2003, July). Boston Magazine Fawthrop, T. (1996) Vietnam-Environment: Forest destroyers turned saviors. Global Information Network. Retrieved September 20, 2003 from factavia database. Hainer, R. (2003, August 21). In beach access debate, concom follows middle of road course. [Electronic version]. The Duxbury Clipper. Retrieved September 10, 2003 from, http://www.eduxbury.com/article_541.shtml Katz, D. (2003) Balance in the Bay Series: The fight, flight, and plight of the plover, Pit falls of a pit stop. [Electronic version]. The Duxbury Clipper. Retrieved September 21, 2003, from http://www.eduxbury.com/article_507.shtml2003 Massachusetts. Town of Duxbury. 2003 Beach Permits. Retrieved September 21,2003 from, http://www.town.duxbury.ma.us/Public_Documents/DuxburyMA_BTPermits/index

tristans Tragedy :: essays research papers

"Tristan's Tragedy" As told to (author's name) By Tristan "What an unusual Christian name, '(author's name)'! And you say you know but two languages? You must jest to render the title of 'scholar' upon yourself. During my training, I have learned seven, all the while being taught horsemanship and swordsmanship. Alas, all of my accolades serve me not here. True nobility never makes excuses for shortcomings; however, in this despair I can know no greater loss. After being wounded in battle with the giant Morolt (who was subsequently slain by my steel) I journeyed to Ireland in search of Queen Isolt and her medicinal power. Disguised as a wandering minstrel, I succeeded in endearing myself to her court by performing deeds impossible for the average. I also taught her daughter, my beautiful Isolt, the art of the lyre. I returned to Cornwall, and upon hearing my account of Isolt's charm, my king Mark resolved to make her his own. After convincing her family to allow her to wed the king, we set back on a ship for Cornwall. I remember the night on which we fell in love. Perhaps it was the wine, or perhaps I was merely intoxicated by her. Nonetheless, she amazingly felt the same drawing to me, and we were unable to contain our affections. We continued seeing one another in secret after the wedding; after all, without love her marriage was invalid. After a while, though, our conniving king took aware of our dealings and banished me to the barren Arundel. It was there I met a woman of average beauty, but with the only name worthy of my attentions: Isolt des Mains-Blancs. (That's "of the white hands" if your other language fails you.) I could not betray my love however, so our marriage was never consummated. Rightly so, because in due time I received a letter from my true Isolt, giving account of her flight from the king. She requested a meeting with me, saying her ship would bear a white sail. I kept the new Isolt on guard for weeks. Finally, I was informed that my Isolt was spotted on a ship,